Prepositions Groups

 

Prepositions

The preposition is an invariable part of speech, that is, it does not undergo grammatical changes or accidents (it has no gender: feminine or masculine. It has no number: singular or plural) and its purpose is to introduce a term, either a nominal group or a sentence, with which it forms an ordered set of words. Prepositions have the syntactic function of joining words or phrases within a statement. They also have the semantic function of specifying the meaning of the following word in relation to the previous one, and serve to indicate place, time, destination, cause, etc.

 

 

Types of Prepositions

Prepositions can be classified according to the relational sense they bring to the sentence, that is, according to the type of relationship that their presence establishes, although often this is not exact, is ambiguous or belongs to several categories at the same time. Thus, we have:

·         Prepositions of place: that indicate a physical, geographical or spatial state of one thing with respect to another, such as: from, to, towards, via, over, between, to, under, next to, etc.

·         Prepositions of time: that express a relationship of anteriority, posteriority or simultaneity with respect to something else, such as: with, until, during, after, since.

·         Prepositions of manner: that indicate the way in which an action was carried out, such as: to, with, at, in, by, under, according to.

·         Cause-consequence prepositions: that establish a type of causal or consequential relationship, such as: for, for, by, to, according to.

·         Prepositions of instrumentality: that indicate with what some action was carried out, such as: with, of, in, at, by, though, by means of.

·         Oppositional prepositions: that express a relationship of contrariety or opposition, such as: contra, versus, front.

·         Prepositions of absence: that denote lack, deprivation or absence of something, such as: without.

 

Some Prepositions and their functions

To:

The direction in which someone or something is heading or the end to which it leads. Examples:

I'm going to Medellín, to visit some friends.

He is going to the supermarket to buy some vegetables.

In front of:

In front of (in front of). Examples:

She stood in front of him and told him many truths.

The dog is in front of the table

Under

The cat is under the table.

They throw the water under the stairs.

With:

Means, mode, or instrument used to do something. Examples:

He did it with his prodigious hands.

She is with her parents.

In:

It denotes in what place, time or manner what is expressed by the verb to which it refers takes place. Examples:

Mateo is with his family in Spain.

The event was held in the month of December.

Between:

Denoting the situation or state in between two or more things. Examples:

Jim was located between Kate and George.

The bathroom is between the living room and the dining room.

Always as something between the afternoon and the evening.

By:

Indicates the agent in passive sentences. Examples:

The bicycle was repaired by Juan.

The meal was made by his mother.

The task was done by Jaime.

Without:

Denoting lack or want of something. Examples:

We won't be able to go very far without money.

You can't go out on the street without documents.

Life is easier without problems.

On:

He left his food on the table.

The lamp is on the desk.

 

CIBERGRAFIA:

https://www.upb.edu.co/es/central-blogs/ortografia/uso-de-las-preposiciones#:~:text=La%20preposici%C3%B3n%20es%20una%20parte,conforma%20un%20conjunto%20ordenado%20de

https://concepto.de/preposiciones/#ixzz7vmP3Y2d5

https://concepto.de/preposiciones/#ixzz7vmOrjR2U

https://www.pinterest.es/pin/603271312568255743/

Verbs Groups

 Verbs and Verb Groups

 

What is a verb?

 

A verb is already a type of word, a component of a sentence whose purpose is to express the actions, conditions or states of the subject within the same sentence.

You should know that the verb can be modified to give meaning to the action performed by the subject, this modification process is known as conjugation.

There are several types of verbs in English, in this blog we will focus on the 8 most important types.

NOTE: A verb can be in 2 or more of the following categories. For example, have can be a transitive verb AND an auxiliary verb.
 

What are the English verb groups?

1. What are Stative verbs?: This type of verb is linked to the state or being of the subject. What does this mean? Static verbs are used for the emotions, beliefs and existential states of the subject, i.e. its qualities. These CANNOT be used in continuous verb form, so they are not used to describe actions.

Look at the following examples:

·         I like rainy days.

·          Ana loves the sea.

2. What are Action verbs: Action verbs, as opposed to static verbs, express the action that the subject performs within the sentence, they can refer to both physical and mental actions and this may confuse you but you will understand it better with these examples:

·         Kelly ignored me for the whole party./Kelly ignored me for the whole party (This is a mental action).

·         My husband and I run every morning (This is a physical action).

·         If you want to learn about the 54 most common irregular verbs in English, visit this page.

 

3. What are Transitive verbs: Transitive verbs are a type of verb that requires the presence of a direct object that complements the action expressed by it, this direct object is also known as direct complement, and this quality of dependence is characteristic of transitive verbs.

With the following examples you will be able to see how they work:

·          Michael showed me his new apartment (me=direct object).

·         Yesterday I bought Chinese food for dinner (Chinese food-direct object).

 

 

4. What are Intransitive verbs: Contrary to transitive verbs, in the case of intransitive verbs we do not observe the presence of a direct complement to the verb, this is because, basically, the action cannot be performed on something or someone, that is, the action does not affect something or someone apart from the subject, who is the one who performs the action.

Look at the examples:

- Vanessa woke up after sleeping 12 hours straight.

- The thief fled the place.

 

5. What are Linking verbs: Linking verbs have a special function within the sentence, they are in charge of linking the subject with the complement of the sentence. Particularly these verbs do not express an action, they only connect the subject with the additional information provided about it in the predicate, as shown in these examples:

·          Alice felt bad and left school early.

·         Peter got very upset by his girlfriend's attitude.

NOTE: If you are wondering the difference between linking verbs and stative verbs, this is a good question. Static verbs only show the state of the subject. The state is temporary. Linking verbs show a more permanent quality or the role something plays in the world (nurse, businessman).

 

6. What are Modal verbs: In English, modal verbs are the ones in charge of providing a better meaning. Thanks to their function, this type of verb allows expressing what is known as modality (the possibility of something happening) and can be used to give advice/soft orders.

·          All students should be on time to class (soft command).

·         Mike could eat healthier if he stopped shopping for burgers (possibility).

 

 

7. What are Helping verbs: Helping verbs have the function of providing more grammatical information (what tense is the sentence: future, continuous and perfect) and to complement the verb they are helping (questions, negative), the latter being in charge of providing semantic value to the whole sentence.

The following are some examples where auxiliary verbs are used:

·         Will you go to Spain this year?/¿Irás a España este año? (indicating the future).

·         Did you come to the college yesterday (indicates a question)?

 

 

8. What are Phrasal verbs: Phrasal verbs have a different meaning than the original verb. This is because they are basically composed of two particles, namely verb and adjective or verb and preposition, whose function is oriented to express specific states or actions.

Look at the following examples where some compound verbs are used:

·         I broke up with my boyfriend last Saturday.

·         M83's music album is called "Hurry up, we're dreaming".

 

Finally, let's look at regular and irregular verbs.

 

Regular and irregular verbs: To use regular and irregular verb tenses in English, you need to know the past forms. All verbs have a basic form or "infinitive" (e.g., look, make, play). Most verbs, called "regular verbs," follow the same pattern and create the past simple and past participle using the same word ending, -ed.

However, there are verbs that have different endings and are called "irregular verbs." Here is an overview of each type, with examples and also some tips on how to remember them.

 

Regular verbs: regular verbs in English create the past simple and past participle by adding -ed to the base form of the verb. For example:

 

·         If the verb ends in the consonant -y, we change -y to -i and add -ed. For example

 

·         If a verb ends in -e we simply add -d, For example:

 

·         There are three ways of pronouncing -ed, depending on the last letter of the verb

 

 

Irregular verbs: There are about 200 irregular verbs in English. We can divide them into four groups:

·         Group 1: verbs that have the same base form, the same simple past and past participle.

·         Group 2: verbs that have the same past simple and the same past participle.

·         Group 3: verbs that have the same base form and the same past participle.

·         Group 4: verbs that have different base form, simple past and past participle.

Tip: A good way to learn irregular verbs is to study them in these groups because, being similar, they are easier to remember.

These are the most common irregular verbs in these groups.

 

Group 1: Verbs that have the same basic form, the same past simple and past participle.

For example:

- Our car costs a lot of money but always breaks down.

- Pasha got injured in a soccer game last weekend.

- My parents let me stay out late tonight.

- They put on their jackets because it was so cold."

 

Group 2: Verbs that have the same past simple and the same past participle

 

For example:

- On Monday they had lunch at a Thai restaurant.

- Have you heard the news about the train strike?

- Tim sent an email to all the suppliers.

- Who won the game?" - "The Giants."

 

Group 3: Verbs that have the same basic form and the same past participle.

For example:

- Saturday she came home at 4 am.

- Suzi has become General Manager.

- The dog ran out into the yard after Lee opened the door.

- Is Mrs. O'Connor back from lunch yet?

 

Group 4: Verbs that have a different base form, past simple and past participle

 

For example:

- The children ate a lot of cakes at the party.

- They went to the airport and left the car there.

- Have you already taken out the tickets?

- I have written a letter of application for the position of director.

 

 

Tips for learning regular and irregular verbs

- Pay attention when you see a new verb.

- Make your own examples for each new verb you find.

- Place them on pieces of paper in visible places.

- Keep a journal in English and write down some things you did the day before.

- Books are full of past tense verbs, so reading is a really useful way to practice and review.

- Concentrate on learning a few irregular verbs at a time. 

Adverbial group

 Adverbial group

We are talking about a grammatical structure in English which we use to modify the meaning of a VERB, an ADJECTIVE, or an ADVERB. The Adverbial group is composed of an adverb or an adverbial phrase, which is usually placed at the beginning or end of the sentence.

Kinds of adverbial group

 

Adverbs of place: describe the location of a subject in relation to something or someone. Example: "She is sitting in the garden".

Adverbs of time: indicate the moment when the action takes place. Example: "He woke up early this morning".

Adverbs of manner: describe the way in which the action is performed. Example: "He spoke softly to avoid waking up the baby".

Adverbs of frequency: describe the frequency at which the action takes place. Example: "I usually have cereal for breakfast".

Adverbs of affirmation: indicate that something is true. Example: "Indeed, it was a wonderful trip".

Adverbs of negation: indicate that something is not true. Example: "She did not finish her homework".

Adverbs of doubt: indicate a lack of certainty. Example: "Perhaps we should leave early to avoid traffic".

Function of adverbial group:

Modify a verb: "He eats quickly".

Modify an adjective: "He is very tall".

Modify another adverb: "He runs extremely fast".

Modify a clause: "He left the party after he finished his drink"

Example

At the moment: en este momento

In the morning: por la mañana

With great care: con gran cuidado

The adverbial group can be used to modify different elements of the sentence, such as time, frequency, place, manner, quantity, among others. In addition, the adverbial group can vary in its position within the sentence, depending on the speaker or writer's intention.

For example, in the sentence "I often go to the gym," the adverbial group "often" is used to modify the verb "go" and express the frequency with which the action is carried out.

In this way, we can say that the adverbial group is a grammatical structure in English that is used to modify the meaning of a verb, adjective, or adverb, by using an adverb or adverbial phrase.

There are many types of adverbial groups in English, as they can be formed by different types of adverbs or adverbial phrases that modify different elements of the sentence.

Most common Adverbial groups

Adverbs of time: These indicate when the action in the sentence occurs.

Now

Yesterday

Tomorrow, etc.

Adverbs of frequency: These indicate the frequency with which an action occurs in the sentence.

Often

Always

Never

Adverbs of place: These indicate where the action occurs in the sentence.

Here

There

Outside

Adverbs of manner: These indicate the way in which the action is carried out in the sentence.

Slowly

Quickly

Well

Adverbs of quantity: These indicate the amount of something in the sentence.

Much

Little

Enough

Adverbs of affirmation and negation: These indicate whether the action in the sentence is affirmative or negative.

Yes

No

Definitely

Adverbs of doubt or probability: These indicate the degree of certainty in the sentence.

Maybe

Probably

Perhaps

Adverbs of degree: These indicate the degree or intensity of a quality or action in the sentence.

Very

Extremely

Rather

Adverbs of order: These indicate the order in which an action occurs in the sentence.

Firstly

Secondly

Finally

Adverbs of comparison: These indicate a comparison between two things or actions in the sentence.

More

Less

Better

Adverbs of consequence: These indicate the consequence or result of an action in the sentence.

Therefore

Consequently

As a result

Adverbs of interrogation: These indicate whether the sentence is a question.

How

Why

When

Adverbial groups can vary in their position within the sentence, depending on the speaker's or writer's intention, they can have different grammatical functions, and some of them can be part of more than one type of adverbial group.

There are many types of adverbs in English, here are some more examples of types of adverbs in English:

Adverbs of purpose: Indicate the purpose or intention of an action in the sentence, such as to (in order to), in order to, so as to...

Adverbs of sequence: Indicate the sequence or order of events in the sentence, such as next, then, afterwards.

Affirmative mode adverbs: Indicate that something is true or accurate in the sentence, such as certainly, indeed, surely.

Negative mode adverbs: Indicate that something is not true or accurate in the sentence, such as no, not, never, etc.

Adverbs of change: Indicate a change in the state or situation in the sentence. Some examples are suddenly, gradually, slowly, etc.